As one of the most commonly used machine tools in machining, lathes have the following core characteristics and are suitable for the processing of various rotary parts:
- Core processing capabilities
Rotary body machining: specializing in the processing of symmetrical rotating parts such as shafts and disc sleeves (such as cylinders, cones, threads, grooves, etc.).
A variety of operations: it can complete the outer circle, inner hole, end face, grooving, thread turning, drilling, boring, knurling and other processes.
- Typical structural characteristics
Spindle system: High-precision spindle (with chuck or center) grips the workpiece rotation with a wide speed range (low-speed heavy cutting to high-speed finishing).
Turret system:
Manual/automatic turret (CNC lathe with multi-station turret turret) for quick tool change.
The tool can be moved laterally (X-axis) and longitudinally (Z-axis), and other axes (such as Y-axis, C-axis) can be attached to the CNC lathe.
Bed & Rails: Cast iron beds provide stability, and rail types (sliding/rolling/hydrostatic) affect accuracy and durability.
- Precision and efficiency
Machining accuracy: ordinary lathes can reach IT7-IT8, precision/CNC lathes can reach IT5-IT6, and the surface roughness Ra 1.6~0.8μm (fine turning).
Degree of automation:
Manual lathes: Rely on operator skills.
CNC lathes: program-controlled for complex contour machining (e.g. ellipses, curved surfaces) and mass production.
- Classification and application scenarios
Ordinary lathe (horizontal/vertical): strong versatility, suitable for single piece small batch.
CNC lathes: high-precision, complex shapes, high-volume production, support CAD/CAM integration.
Specialized lathes: e.g. crankshaft lathes, cam lathes, optimized for specific parts.
- Key advantages
High flexibility: By changing tools and adjusting parameters, it can process various materials (metals, plastics, woods, etc.).
Economical: Turning typically has a higher material removal rate and lower cost than milling/grinding machines.
Compound processing: The turning and milling compound center can complete multiple processes such as turning, milling and drilling in one clamping.
- limitations
Non-rotary body limitations: Difficult to machine irregular geometries (with other machine tools).
Surface treatment: Ultra-high finishes (e.g. Ra <0.2 μm) often require subsequent grinding or polishing.
Selection reference
Batch size: Ordinary lathes are selected for single pieces, and CNC lathes are selected for large quantities.
Part complexity: Simple rotary body can be operated manually, and complex contours need to be CNC.
Material hardness: cemented carbide/ceramic tools can machine difficult-to-cut materials such as hardened steel.
Through the reasonable selection of lathe type and process parameters, the whole process from roughing to finishing can be efficiently realized.